• 16f628a Programming Example

I have a programmer of the very common 'Kit 149' type, which is still around at least in name. It came with software that I found very easy to use, and I've worked with several different processors in the 16F series, both in the ZIF socket and using in-circuit programming. 8 Channel PWM LED chaser for PIC 16F628/A.

PIC programming with PIC Basic (1) Beginners mini-course (part 1) Be able to start with PIC Basic you must have any knowledge of electronics, program experience isn't been required, this is where this mini-course is for. This mini-course is to help you on your way so that you can do some expirience with by your own programmed PIC's with the, fully usable but only a few PIC-types is supported and a limit from 50 lines of code, but enough for this mini-course. The bought version can program all PIC devices. The possibility's are so big, it's impossible to explain it all here, but once you get going, the rest will come from itself and you can look to program-listings from others, like the projects from this site, to learn further.

Use a PIC16F628 A with suffix I / P or E / P. As programmer I advice the from Voti, which is not expensive (less than € 30,-) or build the from this site!

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We start rapidly with as example, blink a LED, gradually we go extending it. First connect the PIC It's important that the PIC is connected on a stabilised 5V power. If you give already no attention to the power, the rest is also meaningless, the PIC can do strange things on a negligent 5V power. Pin 5 from the PIC16F628 A is GND (= grou nd), connect this one to 0V. Pin 14 is the Vcc, connect this one to +5V. Direct over pin 5 and pin 14 you must connect a multilayer capacitor from 100n (see photo), connect it as short as possible to the PIC.

Finally connect a LED in serial with a 1k resistor between +5V and port A.1, that is on a 16F628A pin 18. See also the electric scheme below: Adjust the compiler first! I get many times e-mails that the compiler doesn't work.

Almost always have the users not adjusted the compilersettings, because they want start rapidly with the course. So please do this first, to avoid problems, specially point 1. Long folder- and pathnames give problems by compiling, that's why it is important that the compiler is adjusted the right way! Users from a Wisp648 programmer or the Galva-Wisp PIC programmer from this site can couple this program to the PIC Basic IDE. To program the PIC itself must the programmer ofcourse connect (temporarily) with the PIC which must programmed (= the target PIC). Program Type the program underneath in the PIC Basic IDE: DEVICE 16F628A;We use a 16F628A device CONFIG INTRCOSCNOCLKOUT, WDTOFF, PWRTEON, LVPOFF, MCLREOFF ALLDIGITAL TRUE;All analog inputs disabled Again:;Label with a name invent by yourself TOGGLE PORTA. 1;When on then go off, when off then go on DELAYMS 500;500 milliseconds = 0,5 second GOTO Again;Jump to 'Again' and go endless END;Program end First the lines which must stay nearly on top in every program.

DEVICE is always placed on top of the program with after it which PIC device is being used. If the device you wish to use is supported by Crownhill Proton+, the text on your screen is highlight bold, this also happens to all functions and commands. So in this program it is: DEVICE 16F628A.

Under it CONFIG with INTRCOSCNOCLKOUT ( = internal rc oscillator), provisional we use the build in oscillator, a crystal is not necessary at this simple program. With CONFIG we can enable or disable the 'fuses' from the PIC. Then ALLDIGITAL TRUE, which tells the PIC that we're not work with analog input signals, all 1 or 0, only +5V or 0V, only on or off, so all digital.

ALLDIGITAL TRUE disables the analog to digital converters (ADC) and comparators (if they are present in the device you choose). Now we type in a label with a user-defined name, i.e. A label must placed at the beginning of a line, ends with a colon (:) and must start with a letter. In our example therefore: 'Again:' We have the LED connected on port A.1, these must blink, for this the command TOGGLE exists. TOGGLE PORTA.1 turns the situation of port A.1, when it is on then it is turned off and is it off, it is turned on again, this is called toggle. Then there must build a delay in, because else the LED blinks this way rapidly that it seems that it dims. Here are the delay commands DELAYMS and DELAYUS for.

DELAYMS for milli second and DELAYUS for µsecond (microsecond). One second = 1000 milliseconds, so for a half second we write DELAYMS 500. The maximum value is 65535, about 65.5 seconds. When you want a longer time, place a few from these commands under eachother. For extremely long times (hours, days) there are other solutions.

The LED must blink continue, by means of GOTO we let start him again, hence the logical name 'Again' invented. Therefore ' GOTO Again'. With a push on F9 makes the compiler an assembler (.ASM) file and after that there becomes a.HEX file which you can program with your PIC-programmer into the PIC. If you have already installed a programmer in the PIC Basic IDE then you can push F10 which does the same as F9, but starts also your programmers program.

Your first PIC-Basic program is ready! The upper part tells the Proton+ compiler for which type of PIC device the program must be converted and that there is no crystal used. The real program is the loop between 'Again' and 'GOTO Again'. A program runs the order which you write down or jumps to where it is sent to.

In the program above stays TOGGLE PORTA.1, here it turns the LED on (or off, if it was already on) Then there stays DELAYMS 500, the program waits here 500 milliseconds, thus a half second. If this time is past, it runs further and comes to 'GOTO Again'. Now it jumps back to the label 'Again' and this all starts over again, only by TOGGLE is the LED not turned on, but off and the next time on again, etc. Now your program must be translated in a for the PIC understandable program, a.HEX file. One push on a button ( F9 key) turns the Basic program into assembler (.ASM) (= compiling) and is also a.HEX file created for your PIC programmer, which can this file program into the PIC.

To program the compiled program into the PIC itself you must thus have a PIC programmer. If you have a Wisp648 or Galva-Wisp PIC programmer, then here is a description how this goes with the program BumbleBee, which runs under Windows: It is very important to put information behind each line, what this line does, with the aid of the command REM ( = remarks). DELAYMS 500 REM = 0,5 second DELAYMS 500 ' = 0,5 second DELAYMS 500; = 0,5 second Above 3 lines are all three the same, my preference goes to ';' because assembler only works with the semicolon, if you after a while put some assembler lines in your code (with ASM - ENDASM) you don't have to switch over again, because you have this way already got used it. Be careful with GOTO Above in the first example GOTO is used. Immediately here the recommendation to look out that it became no mess with GOTO's because at multiple use the overview goes quickly lost. The program mentioned below blinks also a LED without the use of GOTO but with the command WHILE - WEND.

16f628a Programming Example

Modify the previous program in the program mentioned below: DEVICE 16F628A;We use a 16F628A device CONFIG INTRCOSCNOCLKOUT, WDTOFF, PWRTEON, LVPOFF, MCLREOFF ALLDIGITAL TRUE;All analog parts disabled WHILE 1 = 1;As long as 1 is equal to 1. TOGGLE PORTA. 1;When on then go off, when off then go on DELAYMS 500;500 milliseconds = 0,5 second WEND.execute this loop END;Program end The label 'Again:' and GOTO are replaced by WHILE and WEND. This command runs the program between the words WHILE and WEND, here toggling from a LED, so WHILE 1 is equal to 1, WEND (go back to WHILE), so the LED blinks always. WHILE can't without WEND and they belong always both in the same program, else you get an error.

Variable To make the function from WHILE - WEND more clear we let blink a LED 4x after the power from the PIC is switched on. Therefore we have to make a variable.

A variable is a name which can remember a value, in this case it's a teller (counter) which keeps in mind how many times the LED has blinked. Therefore exists the command DIM. With DIM you make (declare) a variable with a name which sounds logical to the function it gets, in the program below it is ' DIM LedTeller AS BYTE'. What now means AS BYTE? Because a PIC does have a limited memoryspace, you have to give information till howfar you think the teller counts and a byte is 8 bits (= 8 memory places) which can have 256 different combinations, so the teller can count from 0 through 255 (not 256, namely 1 through 255 and the 256th is the value 0).

You can also type DIM LedTeller AS BIT, this takes only 1 memory place, but then you can have only 2 situations, namely 0 or 1, off or on, and must the LED blinks more than 256x then you have to write DIM LedTeller AS WORD, a word is 16 bits, by this you can count till 65535, but it takes also twice as much memory space than a byte. You can count much further with DWORD, ( Double word) which counts from - through +, but it takes already 32 memory places (32 bits). And there is DIM LedTeller AS FLOAT, for numbers with a floating point, which takes also 32 bits. It is to be recommended to use DWORD and FLOAT as little as possible because calculations with these types use a lot of program-memory from the PIC, with BIT, BYTE and WORD you can usely do all the work.

And finally there is AS STRING, voor text on displays, but more about this one later. Modify the previous program in the program mentioned below: DEVICE 16F628A;We use a 16F628A device CONFIG INTRCOSCNOCLKOUT, WDTOFF, PWRTEON, LVPOFF, MCLREOFF ALLDIGITAL TRUE;All analog parts disabled DIM LedTeller AS BYTE;Declare variable with name 'LedTeller' CLEAR;Clear all RAM area;Mainprogram WHILE LedTeller.